The Importance of Diet During Pregnancy
While there is a lot of pressure on vegan mothers to eat well during pregnancy, this pressure is not unique to vegan women. All women need to reevaluate their diets when pregnant to make sure that they are getting enough of what they need. Both pregnancy and breastfeeding are very physically taxing on the body. You can imaging that if you were going to begin an intense muscle-building program you would probably need to change your diet. Well, you are going to begin an intense muscle-building program…along with building bones, ligaments, organs, and all the other tissues that make up a human being!
Talking to your Prenatal Medical Provider
It is important to find a medical practitioner who is supportive of your vegan diet. I would definitely look for someone who knows or is willing to learn what a vegan is and is comfortable with it. Sometimes I explain that “I am a strict vegetarian and eat no animal products” to doctors who are unfamiliar with the term “vegan.” Anyone can understand what a strict vegetarian is, and vegetarianism is generally more known and accepted than veganism.
I wouldn’t necessarily expect your medical practitioner to understand the ins and outs of vegan nutrition. For instance, he or she may not be aware that B12 deficiency is a concern to vegans or that omega 3 fatty acids are rare in a vegan diet and that vegans must take care to supplement with both. If you become anemic during your pregnancy, which is relatively common, your practitioner may not test to see whether it stems from iron deficiency or B vitamin deficiency. You may need to do some research on your own and remind your doctor to request appropriate tests.
My experience with doctors is that they are generally neutral or supportive of veganism, as long as I have presented my choice with confidence backed up by information. Showing a lack of confidence in one’s diet, while completely normal for any pregnant woman, encourages doctors to give you their standard advice to eat according to the FDA food guide, which is not appropriate for vegetarians. Having information from a reliable source like the American Dietetic Association – a source that doctors and nutritionists trust – can be invaluable when talking to your doctor. You could also make a copy of the chapter on pregnancy from Becoming Vegan and bring it in to an appointment to discuss.
I recommend asking specific rather than open-ended questions. For instance, rather than the very open-ended “What should I eat?”, instead ask “How can I get enough protein from plant foods?” or “I am having trouble including enough sources of calcium in my diet. What are some high-calcium vegan foods I can eat?” or “I lead a very busy life and rarely have time to make myself a lunch. Do you have any tips on buying a healthy lunch?”
I’ve read about other vegan women online who recommend not bringing up your diet with your doctor. I do not recommend this. Since your fetus/baby is living entirely off of your body’s resources, a healthy diet and exercise are probably the two most important factors in any pregnancy. Lies by omission to your medical provider prevent him or her from offering you the best care possible.
It Can Be Difficult to Make Dietary Changes
I have been a vegan for about 10 years now, and I tend to eat a very low-fat, low-sugar, high-fiber diet. I was very surprised when I started looking closely at my average intake of specific nutrients after I became pregnant. I had no idea that my diet was so low in protein and iron! Like most people, my husband and I have 5-10 standard dinners that we make 95% of the time. When I realized that many of our standards, while tasty, were not supplying enough nutrition during pregnancy, it was quite a hassle to find new recipes we both liked and wanted to eat regularly.
Food aversions can make this process even harder. I was very averse to garlic and onions until about 20 weeks into my pregnancy, and those formed the base for most of the dishes we usually made.
Despite being being vegan and so looking more closely at ingredients than most people, my husband and I had not before looked closely at the nutritional value of our food, believing the vegan community hype that vegan diets are ideal and combat cancer, heart disease, obesity, diabetes, and other diseases. It was hard for me to get support from friends and family about changing my diet because it meant admitting that the vegan diet I had promoted as very healthy was actually not as healthy as I had thought. I certainly don’t want to give people the idea that it is very difficult to be vegan, but now I also realize that the vegan diet holds more challenges than I had thought.
It is important to make sure that your vegan meal is “balanced.” An easy rule of thumb for lunch and dinner is that your plate should be approximately 1/4 protein such as beans, legumes, seitan, or tofu (containing at least 14g), 1/4 green and yellow vegetables, and 1/2 grains such as brown rice or pasta.
Do Not Assume That Taste Substitutes Are Also Nutritional Substitutes
I think the biggest lie that vegan perpetuate is the idea of meat and dairy “substitutes.” Unfortunately, many vegan meat and dairy substitutes do not contain an equivalent amount of nutrients as the item they are substituting for, and are really only tasty placeholders that can be quite nutritionally empty. For example, what follows is a list of protein values in meat and dairy products (found at the USDA National Nutrient Database) and in the equivalent vegan substitute (found at the various manufacturer websites using the nutrition facts information).
- 79 grams of hard-boiled egg contains 10 g of protein but the same quantity of refrigerated Nasoya organic firm tofu contains just 7 g.
- 14 grams of cheddar cheese contains 4 g of protein but the same quantity of Follow Your Heart Vegan Gourmet cheddar cheese alternative contains no protein at all.
- 2 tablespoons of cream cheese contains 2 g of protein but the same quantity of Tofutti Plain Better Than Cream Cheese imitation cream cheese contains just 1 g.
- 71 grams of broiled frozen ground beef patty contains 16 g of protein but the same quantity of Gardenburger Flame Grilled veggie burger contains just 11 g.
- 1 8-ounce cup of 2% milk contains 8 g of protein but the same quantity of Soy Dream original enriched soymilk has only 7 g and Rice Dream original enriched ricemilk has just 1 g.
- 100 grams of Breyers all natural light vanilla ice cream contains 5 g of protein but the same quantity of It’s So Delicious Purely Decadent Purely Vanilla non-dairy frozen dessert contains just 1 g.
- 1 6-ounce container of lowfat fruit-flavored yogurt contains 7 g of protein while Silk Live! fruit-flavored soy yogurt contains just 4 g.
In other words, you need to eat a larger amount of soy products than meat or dairy products to get the same amount of protein. This doesn’t mean that you can’t get enough protein from a vegan diet, but it does mean that you can’t assume that taste substitutes are also nutritional substitutes and that you pay attention to the protein content of foods to make sure you are getting an adequate intake.
I compared protein values above, but the same comparison can easily be done with iron and calcium. Vegan foods are just not as rich in minerals as meat and dairy foods. Again, that is not a problem if you pay attention to the nutrients in what you eat and/or supplement.
It was sooo frustrating to go through my kitchen and realize that the soy cheese I was piling on added little more than fat and salt to my diet, whereas if I were piling on dairy cheese I would be getting more protein and calcium as well. As an ethical vegan, I would not go back to eating cheese, but I have to say that I was pissed off to find out that all these supposedly vegan-friendly companies and products were giving vegans flavor but stiffing us on the nutrients.
Dietary Areas to Focus On
Pregnant women should eat 3-4 servings of protein a day (at least 1 serving with each meal), with a single serving being 14g. It can be challenging to get that 14g in one meal, but including high-protein vegan foods like seitan and some brands of vegan soy crumbles or strips with each dinner have made it easier. In addition to protein, I have had to focus on getting enough calcium (I started taking a calcium supplement with vitamin D), iron and B12 (now supplied by my Floradix supplement), and omega-3 fatty acids (still figuring out how to integrate this one into my diet consistently).
The other area to focus on is caloric intake. Since most vegan foods are not very calorically dense, it’s important to include some fatty and high-calorie foods like nuts, dried fruits, and avocados, and to make sure that you are getting lots of beans, grains, and root vegetables and a variety of oils. Shakes and smoothies with banana, soy protein powder, flax or canola oil, and fresh or frozen fruit are a great way to bump up the calories and nutrients.
It Can Be Done
A vegan pregnancy can be done, and successfully, but it may take some lifestyle changes. While I went into my pregnancy feeling confident that I could remain vegan and healthy, I was discouraged to find it would take more work than I had originally thought. Now that I have learned a bit more about nutrition and my husband and I have adjusted the way we eat together, it has become easy again. It’s routine now to take our supplements with breakfast and to think about combining calcium with vitamin D or iron with vitamin C to improve absorption. When we talk about what’s for dinner or shop for our lunches, we make sure that each meal includes enough protein.
I feel that the time I have spent researching vegan nutrition and changing my diet during pregnancy will reward me in the long term when I breastfeed and plan meals for my family in the future.
WEB RESOURCES
The American Dietetic Association has a new food guide for North American vegetarians that includes a vegan food guide pyramid. A great resource to print out and give to your prenatal medical provider.
http://www.eatright.org/cps/rde/xchg/ada/hs.xsl/governance_5105_ENU_HTML.htm
The Vegetarian Nutrition Dietetic Practice Group of the American Dietetic Association has a web article on vegetarian diets during pregnancy. Another great resource to print out and give to your prenatal medical provider.
http://www.vegetariannutrition.net/articles/Vegetarian-Diets-During-Pregnancy.php
The Vegetarian Resource Group is the next place to go. They have articles on the vegan diet during pregnancy and lactation and vegan nutrition in pregnancy and childhood, as well as specific articles on getting protein, iron, calcium, and B12 in a vegan diet. They also have the ADA’s food guide in PDF format, which is unavailable through the ADA website unless you are a member.
http://www.vrg.org/nutrition
A great article on high-calorie vegetarian foods is available on the Toronto Vegetarian Association website.
http://veg.ca/content/view/170/112/
VegFamily, the magazine for vegan family living, has an archive of articles on Vegan Pregnancy.
http://www.vegfamily.com/vegan-pregnancy/index.htm
DEVA Nutrition makes a prenatal vitamin formulated specifically for vegans. The website lists online retailers under the distribution link.
http://www.devanutrition.com/vegan_prenatal_multivitamin.html
PRINT RESOURCES
Becoming Vegan: The Complete Guide to Adopting a Healthy Plant-Based Diet by Brenda Davis and Vesanto Melina is the absolute best book on the topic of vegan nutrition, and the only one you will truly need. There is an entire chapter on diet needs during pregnancy, perfect for copying and discussing with your prenatal medical provider. There is also a helpful chart showing how to achieve a high-calorie vegan diet.
Vegetarian Pregnancy by Sharon Yntema has reliable nutrition information, and specifically includes vegan diets.
The Vegetarian Mother’s Cookbook by Cathe Olson has a lot of easy, nutritious recipes if you are looking to eat healthier. Not all are vegan, but most are easily adaptable or include vegan versions.
Note: You do not need Pregnancy Children and the Vegan Diet by Michael Klaper. The information is way out of date and much less useful than that in Becoming Vegan.
VIDEO RESOURCE
Bellydance: Prenatal Fitness & Dance Instruction Program DVD with Naia is a fun way to keep in shape throughout your pregnancy. Unlike most prenatal videos, you do not need any accessories – no weights, balls, blocks, ropes, chairs, or floor mats. Any time I experienced physical discomfort during pregnancy, doing this video helped immensely. Bellydance works on the muscles you need most for pregnancy and delivery.